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Plant Growth Regulators Commonly Used in Plant Tissue Culture
Class
Name
Abbreviation
Comments
Auxin
Indole-3-acetic acid
IAA
Use for callus induction at 10-30 µM. Lowering to 1-10 µM can stimulate organogenesis. Is inactivated by light and readily oxidized by plant cells. The synthetic auxins below have largely superceded IAA for tissue culture studies.

Indole-3-butyric acid
IBA
Use for rooting shoots regenerated via organogenesis. Either maintain at a low concentration (1-50 µM) throughout the rooting process, or expose to a high concentration (100-250 µM) for 2-10 days and then transfer to hormone-free medium. Can also use as a dip for in vitro or ex vitro rooting of shoots.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-D
Most commonly used synthetic auxin for inducing callus and maintaining callus and suspension cells in dedifferentiated states. Usually used as sole auxin source (1-50 µM), or in combination with NAA.

p-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid
pCPA
NAA
Similar to 2,4-D, but less commonly used.
Synthetic analogue of IAA. Commonly used either as sole auxin source (2-20 µM for callus induction and growth of callus and suspension cultures; 0.2-2 µM for root induction), or in combination with 2,4-D.
Cytokinin
6-Furfurylaminopurine (kinetin)
K
Often included in culture media for callus induction, growth of callus and cell suspensions, and induction of morphogenesis (1-20 µM). Higher concentrations (20-50 µM) can be used to induce the rapid multiplication of shoots, axillary/adventitious buds, or meristems.

6-Benzylaminopurine
BAP, BA
Included in culture media for callus induction, growth of callus and cell suspensions (0.5-5.0 µM), and for induction of morphogenesis (1-10 µM). More commonly used than kinetin for inducing rapid multiplication of shoots, buds, or meristems (5-50 µM).

N-Isopentenylaminopurine
2iP
Less commonly used than K or BAP for callus induction and growth (2-10 µM), induction of morphogenesis (10-15 µM), or multiplication of shoots, buds, or meristems (30-50 µM).

Zeatin
Zea
Seldom used in callus or suspension media. Can be used for induction of morphogenesis (0.05-10 µM). Zea is thermolabile and must not be autoclaved.
Gibberellin
Gibberellin A3
GA3
Seldom used in callus or suspension medium (one exception being potato). Can promote shoot growth when added to shoot induction medium at 0.03-14 µM. Also used to enhance development in embryo/ovule cultures (0.3-48 µM). GA3 is thermolabile and must not be autoclaved.
Abscisic acid
Abscisic acid
ABA
Used at concentrations of 0.4-10 µM to prevent precocious germination, and promote normal development of somatic embryos.